WHY IS GOING TOPLESS A CRIME?

Ms. Buchanan and the American Civil Liberties Union of Utah had pointed to a court ruling that overturned a topless ban in Colorado and helped fuel a movement. They said Utah’s law on lewdness involving a child is unfair because it treats men and women differently for baring their chests.

A global movement advocating for the rights of women to go topless, called the Free the Nipple campaign, has seen mixed success fighting similar ordinances in other parts of the country.

The 10^th   U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals has upheld a ruling that blocked a ban in Fort Collins, Colorado, on women going topless in public.

However,  the U.S. Supreme Court in January 2020 left in place the conviction of three members of the Free the Nipple campaign who were arrested for going topless on a New Hampshire beach in 2016.

A public indecency law in Missouri was also upheld in 2017, and a court allowed a San Francisco public nudity ban to remain on the books in 2013.

Ms. Buchanan was charged after she and her husband took off their shirts to keep their clothes from getting dirty while they hung drywall in their garage in a Salt Lake City suburb in late 2017.

Her husband’s three children, ages 9 through 13, saw them with their bare chests. She later explained that she considers herself a feminist and wanted to make a point that everybody should be fine with walking around their house or elsewhere with skin showing,” Her lawyers said in court documents,

The charges against her were filed after the children’s mother reported the incident to child welfare officials working on a separate investigation involving the kids.

Police said Buchanan removed her shirt and bra in front of the children while “under the influence of alcohol.” Her husband was not charged.

In Canada, the law on public decency is found in sections 173 and 174 of the Criminal Code.^[2] However, what constitutes an indecent act is not defined, and is open to interpretation by the courts.

In 1991, toplessness as an indecent act was challenged in Guelph, Ontario, by Gwen Jacob, who removed her shirt and was charged with indecency. Part of her defense was the double standards between men and women. Although she was convicted, this was overturned by the Court of Appeal. This case determined that being topless is not indecent within the meaning of the Criminal Code. However, it did not establish any constitutional right of equality. This case subsequently led to the acquittal of women in British Columbia and Saskatchewan who faced similar charges. Although each province and territory reserves its right to interpret the law as it pleases, the Ontario case has proved influential. Since the matter has not been determined by the Supreme Court of Canada, it is still possible that a woman could be convicted elsewhere in Canada, but interpretation of moral law in Canada has become increasingly liberalised.^[1] There do not appear to have been any further women charged in Canada since these cases were decided.

Topless freedom is allowed in Ontario, set by the precedent in the case of Gwen Jacob. The acting executive director of Municipal Licensing and Standards said that while "there's no bylaw that governs toplessness", "it is legal for women to go topless on the streets of Toronto" according to a National Post article. He added that parks require clothing, except, for example, the clothing optional Hanlan's Point Beach.

n July 19, 1991, a very hot and humid day, Gwen Jacob, a University of Guelph student, was arrested, after walking down a street in Guelph, Ontario, while topless after removing her shirt when the temperature was 33 °C (91 °F) and was charged with indecency under Section 173(1)(a) of the Criminal Code. Police stated that they acted following a complaint from a woman who was upset that one of her children had seen Jacob topless.

Jacob stated she did it because men were doing it and she wanted to draw attention to the double standard. She was found guilty and fined $75. In her defence she argued that breasts were merely fatty tissue. In finding her guilty, the judge stated that breasts were "part of the female body that is sexually stimulating to men both by sight and touch," and therefore should not be exposed.^[  She appealed, but her appeal was dismissed by the Ontario Court (General Division), and she further appealed to the Ontario Court of Appeal.

In the meantime, protests against Jacob's arrest and conviction led to further charges against others, in particular R. v. Arnoldbut in this case McGowan P.C.J. applied the test of community standard of tolerance, following Butler, stating that the action of being topless caused no harm and thus did not exceed community standards of tolerance. She commented, "Undoubtedly, most women would not engage in this conduct for there are many who believe that deportment of this nature is tasteless and does not enhance the cause of women. Equally undoubtedly, there are men today who cannot perceive of woman's breasts in any context other than sexual. It is important to reaffirm that the Canadian standards of tolerance test does not rely upon these attitudes for its formulation. I have no doubt that, aside from their personal opinions of this behaviour, the majority of Canadians would conclude that it is not beyond their level of tolerance.

ted on December 9, 1996, by the Ontario Court of Appeal on the basis that the act of being topless is not in itself a sexual act or indecent. The court held that "there was nothing degrading or dehumanizing in what the appellant did. The scope of her activity was limited and was entirely non-commercial. No one who was offended was forced to continue looking at her" and that furthermore "the community standard of tolerance when all of the relevant circumstances are taken into account" was not exceeded. Although Jacob claimed she had a constitutional right, the court did not address this.^[7]

The Ontario Government decided not to appeal the case to the Supreme Court of Canada, and thus it has remained the prevailing interpretation of the Criminal Code in Ontario. Since then, the court ruling has been tested and upheld several times. R. v. Jacob has been cited in similar decisions in other provinces and by the Supreme Court of Canada in R. v. Albee, and is taught in Criminal Law courses

Another important distinction is that of whether the nature of the act is commercial or not. In Jacob, the court stressed that it was not. In contrast in of R. v. Gowan Gowan, a known sex worker, under the impression that exposing the breasts was now legal, solicited clients at an intersection, motioned to her breasts and called out "Do you want to fuck?". She was consequently charged with and convicted of engaging in an indecent act, under the same section as in Jacob,

The decision by the Ontario Government not to appeal to the Supreme Court was based on the likelihood that the court would not grant leave. This caused considerable public concern as well as attempts by municipalities to preempt the law by passing more restrictive bylaws. (Uniform Law Conference of Canadain  1999. The Ontario Government did contact the Federal Government regarding amending the law to make such actions clearly illegal.^] As it turned out, this was not pursued.

While the community standards test is not an immutable part of indecency jurisdiction, community tolerance is likely to be partly determined by the degree to which the public is exposed to top freedom on a regular basis. Jacob's victory is now celebrated annually in Guelph  that marks the 20^th  anniversary of Gwen Jacob's walk, and to celebrate some students re-enacted it.

In 2015, Alysha Brilla and her two sisters were stopped by the police in Kitchener for cycling topless. The musician and activist filed a complaint with Waterloo Regional Police. ^[13] They subsequently held a rally at Waterloo Town Square, called "Bare With Us", to educate the public about the right to go topfree.

Despite this, women still faced discrimination in public facilities. In 1997, Fatima Pereira Henson was charged with trespassing for swimming topless in Cambridge, but the charges were dropped. She was then charged again, and also this was dropped by the crown, so the City initiated its own prosecution. Although this too was dropped, a bylaw specifically prohibiting top-free swimming was passed. Eventually her efforts led to a new bylaw allowing top-free swimming.

n 2000 a similar case to Jacob's resulted in acquittal. Linda Meyer, a top-free activist inspired by the Gwen Jacob case, appeared in a number of public venues topless. A bylaw in the municipality of Maple Ridge stated "females over the age of 8 years shall fully cover all portions of their nipples and aureole with opaque apparel". On July 1^st , 1997, Linda Meyer went to the swimming pool in the bottom half of her bikini. Some parents complained and she was charged,^[17] but the judge in this case (Justice Holmes) voided the bylaw stating, ithat particular by law.

In R. v. Jacob, a woman who walked bare-breasted on a city street and then reclined top-free on the front step to her home was acquitted on appeal of committing an indecent act. The Court found the baring of her breasts was not harmful to anyone. There was nothing degrading or dehumanizing in her conduct. The Court noted anyone who was offended was not forced to look.

The judge hearing the case said, “ I do not find in the evidence support for the view that the parks could not operate in orderly fashion if a female were to bare her breasts in a circumstance that did not offend criminal laws of nudity. The evidence suggests the Section 3A amendment to the Park By-Law was more a reaction to a frustration that the criminal law was not supporting the moral standards in regard to females who chose to bare their breasts in public that some Maple Ridge citizens desired.” Unquote

Seveak ears ago, a bus driver chastised a woman breat feeing her baby. He said it was iegal for a woman to display her breasts s in public. Needless to say, the bus driver was soundly condemned by the general public.

One warm day  in 1955, when I lived in Victoria, British Columbia, I was lying on the grass in the backyard where I lived. I was in my bathing suit. Suddenly, a middle-aged woman next door yelled at me, “Put your clothes on or I will call the police!”

         I stood up and said to her, “I will give you three choices to make. They are, go into your house, look the other way or go fuck  yourself.”She took a fourth choice. She called the police. When they came into the backyard, I told them that there was no law that stated I couldn’t lay in my backyard wearing only my bathing suit. They agreed.

Many years later, a man was lying on the grass wearing only his bathing suit in the largest park in Toronto. The police charged him with indecency. He argued his case by stating that the park pules stated  that anyone could  on the grass if they are area of a body of water. It has a large pond in the middle of the park. He wasn’t near the pond. He was lying near a small stream. The case was dismissed and soon after, the city bylaw was changed and anyone could lie anywhere in a any of the parks in their bathing suits.